This book describes the main contradictions in Chinaâs actions on the world stageâpeaceful vs. assertiveâthrough a culturally informed framework that takes into account Chinaâs historical memory and political culture. The author analyzes nine cases, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), as examples that show both Chinaâs commitment to peace and development in the region, as well as its concerted effort to introduce alternative institutions on the global stage that could challenge the hegemony of the West and Western values.