This book provides an overview of recent advances in the theory of dynamical systems, with a particular emphasis on their connections to other areas of mathematical research, including number theory, geometry, mathematical physics, complex analysis, and celestial mechanics. Compiling the lecture notes from some of the contributions presented at the C.I.M.E. school "Modern Aspects of Dynamical Systems" held in Cetraro in August 2021, the contributions are the following: âHomogeneous dynamics and Diophantine problemsâ by Manfred Einsiedler, âEffective ergodic theory for translation flowâ by Giovanni Forni, âIntegrability and rigidity for convex billiardsâ by Vadim Kaloshin, âHolomorphic dynamicsâ by Jasmin Raissy and âExponentially small phenomena and its role in the dynamicsâ by Tere Martinez-Seara. These notes are suitable for graduate students and young researchers interested in an introduction to some of the modern research areas within the field of dynamical systems.