The term âwasta stems from the Arabic root for âmiddleâ or âmediumâ and describes the phenomenon of using âconnectionsâ to find job, government services or other favors to circumvent bureaucracy or bypass the system as a whole. The effects of âwastaâ may be both positive or negative, and is not a phenomenon that is particular to the Arab or Muslim world, but also to many other cultures and regions of the world, with similar concepts popularly known as ubuntu, guanxi, harambee, naoberschop, or âold boy networkâ used in African, Chinese and European societies. By its very nature âwastaâ is an area of grey or even black information, and, like corruption to which it is most often associated, is hard to assess although country corruption perception indexes attempt to provide a quantifiable basis. In the final analysis such ratings are based on perceptions of corruption, and this perception may vary strongly depending on different societal structures and cultural modes, whether these are extended family systems, tribal, clans or more atomized societies where relationships are essentially transactional and rule based. In a western perspective where âwastaâ may be considered as a form of corruption, in other societies it may be perceived as something ânaturalâ and not criminal, and using one's âwastaâ in tribal societies to help clan members is seen as a duty. The difference stems from the 'innocent ' use of âwastaâ to make introductions, as opposed to its abuse in placing unqualified persons in positions .The volume brings together academics and professional experts to examine a range of multi-faceted social, economic and political issues raised by the use and abuse of social networking, covering various topics like: âwastaâ interpersonal connections in family and business ties, The relationship between inequality-adjusted human development and corruption perception indexes in the Gulf region, âwastaâ and business networking, assessing the economic cost of âwastaâ, âwastaâ and its impact on quality oriented education reform and the perceptions of young people, The use of âwastaâ to overcome socio-cultural barriers for women and men The volume also offers insights into social relations and ethics, and how the use of âwastaâ contradicts with common held religious principles, along with some country studies on Islamic principles and the use of âwastaâ. Mohamed Ramady is a Visiting Associate Professor, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.
