This monograph is an annotated translation of what is considered to be the worldâs first calculus textbook, originally published in French in 1696. That anonymously published textbook on differential calculus was based on lectures given to the Marquis de lâHôpital in 1691-2 by the great Swiss mathematician, Johann Bernoulli. In the 1920s, a copy of Bernoulliâs lecture notes was discovered in a library in Basel, which presented the opportunity to compare Bernoulliâs notes, in Latin, to lâHôpitalâs text in French. The similarities are remarkable, but there is also much in lâHôpitalâs book that is original and innovative. This book offers the first English translation of Bernoulli's notes, along with the first faithful English translation of lâHôpitalâs text, complete with annotations and commentary. Additionally, a significant portion of the correspondence between lâHôpital and Bernoulli has been included, also for the fi rst time in English translation. This translation will provide students and researchers with direct access to Bernoulliâs ideas and lâHôpitalâs innovations. Both enthusiasts and scholars of the history of science and the history of mathematics will fi nd food for thought in the texts and notes of the Marquis de lâHôpital and his teacher, Johann Bernoulli.